When William McKinley won the US presidential election in November 1896, the issue of annexing Hawaii to the United States arose again. The previous President, Grover Cleveland, was a friend of Queen Liliʻuokalani. He objected to being dependent on the United States by Hawaii for the end of his term, but then McKinley was convinced by the expansionists and the annexers from Hawaii. He endorsed the meeting with a Hawaii-based Merger Advocacy Committee, which included Lorrin Thurston, Francis Hatch, and William Kinney. After negotiating with them, in June 1897, Mr. McKinley signed an annexation treaty with these delegates of the Republic of Hawaii. The President then sends the treaty to the US Congress for them to ratify.

The merger of Hawaii into the United States was opposed by many. Hui Aloha ʻAina and Hui Kalaiʻaina organized two advocacy campaigns, one for nearly 22,000 signatures to protest the merger, while the other took in about 17,000 applicants to reinstate the monarchy. Only 22,000 protesting names against the merger were filed with the US government, while the other 17,000 had not been recovered. At that time Lorrin Thurston criticized the petition submitted because his investigation indicated many frauds.

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